Java Built-in Exception Classes

In Java, the root class for exception hierarchy is Throwable, which is divided into two subclasses: Error and Exception.

Exception is divided into RuntimeException (runtime exceptions) and non-runtime exceptions.

Runtime Exceptions (subclasses of RuntimeException)

Exception Class	Description
ArithmeticException	Thrown when an exceptional arithmetic condition occurs, such as division by zero.
NullPointerException	Thrown when attempting to access a member of or call a method on a null object.
ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException	Thrown when trying to access an array element with an illegal index.
IndexOutOfBoundsException	Thrown to indicate that an index is out of range; parent class of ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException.
NumberFormatException	Thrown when attempting to convert a string to a number of invalid format.
IllegalArgumentException	Thrown when a method receives an argument that is not appropriate.
ClassCastException	Thrown when attempting to cast an object to a subclass it is not an instance of.
NoSuchElementException	Thrown when attempting to access an element that does not exist.

Non-runtime Exceptions

Exception Class	Description
IOException	Thrown during general input/output operations.
FileNotFoundException	Thrown when an attempt to open a file denoted by a specified pathname has failed.
EOFException	Thrown when the end of a file or stream is unexpectedly reached.
ClassNotFoundException	Thrown when an application tries to load a class through its string name but no definition for the class with the specified name could be found.
NoSuchMethodException	Thrown when a particular method cannot be found.
InterruptedException	Thrown when a thread is waiting, sleeping, or otherwise occupied, and the thread is interrupted.
SQLException	Thrown during database operations; commonly associated with Java’s database connectivity.
SecurityException	Thrown by the security manager to indicate a security violation.
IllegalStateException	Thrown to indicate that a method has been invoked at an illegal or inappropriate time.

These are some common built-in exception classes. Java provides many other exception classes, each representing a specific type of exceptional condition.

When writing Java programs, you can use try-catch blocks to catch and handle these exceptions.